{"id":3755,"date":"2020-12-01T17:27:24","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T16:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/?p=3755"},"modified":"2025-04-28T15:55:56","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T13:55:56","slug":"historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>The version of the \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany &#8211; financial systems designed to assess creditworthiness of individuals.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Von Mao bis Hu Jintao. Das Sozialpunktesystem in China und dessen\u00a0historische Wurzeln. Teil II des Gastbeitrags von Zaya Chinbat.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-i\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teil I<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"aTpGWWiYOl\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-i\/\">#73 Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (I)  [Gastbeitrag]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8222;#73 Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (I)  [Gastbeitrag]&#8220; &#8212; Sinoskop\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-i\/embed\/#?secret=DjWdPntiGa#?secret=aTpGWWiYOl\" data-secret=\"aTpGWWiYOl\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><strong>4. The People\u2019s Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party (1949- present)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>The Mao Zedong Era (1943-76)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Following in the precedents established by their imperial predecessors, the rise to power of Mao Zedong \u201cushered in a new era of censorship\u201d (Economy, 2019, p.60). Access to foreign literature and media was only accessible to party elites, no academic journals were published for over six years, publishing houses closed, and regulations on the &#8222;prevention and suppression of rumour\u201d were introduced (ibid). As the CCP began to narrow the flow of information from outside, the work of securing and inventorying surviving archives began.<\/p>\n<p>In 1950 the Central Military Commission issued an edict prohibiting \u201cplundering and profiteering\u201d from archival documents. The following year &#8222;Provisional Rules for Protecting State Secrets&#8220; and &#8222;Provisional Rules for Managing Public Documents&#8220; were adopted by the CCP Central Committee and the Secretariat of the PRC Central Administrative Council. It was not until 1959 that the Party Central Committee decided to put party and state records under one system and new regulations regarding the management of archives were introduced (Moss, 1996, p.115). Even during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), certain archival records received a measure of protection: Zhou Enlai issued instructions to \u201cprotect state secrets and confidential documents and archives\u201d and Red Guards were instructed not to go into archival stack areas (Moss, 1996, p.115).<\/p>\n<p>Tasked with the implementation of Mao\u2019s ambitious Great Leap Forward (1958-1961), the party organized work units (danwei), with any dissent recorded in their personnel file (Dang\u2019an). During this period the Dang\u2019an or personal files\u2019 system was eventually expanded to include not only officials\u2019 files but also that of average citizens. Its role revolved around \u201ctotalizing control in Mao&#8217;s era, [which] helped create a political culture of fear and uncertainty that marked the bodies of its subjects to the point of haunting them\u201d (Yang, 2011, p. 508). The system was managed unevenly with emphasis placed on \u201curban, industrial and governmental cadres\u201d (Jiang, 2020). These files contain data subjects\u2019 personal information, family background, job history, achievements, shortcomings, political activities and superiors\u2019 evaluations.<\/p>\n<p>For those seeking employment in government, state-owned enterprises and banks, having an unsullied record on their personal files is a requirement. Hence, the Dang&#8217;an system operates as part of the \u201csocialist techno-scientific reasoning that attempted to make people&#8230;instruments of the state to achieve various political, economic, and social objectives\u201d (Yang, 2011, p.518). Ultimately, \u201cthe [Dang\u2019an] dossier is only one feature of long-institutionalized and pervasive administrative systems of behavioural control and surveillance in daily life that bestow honours on some and punishments on others\u201d (Zuboff, 2019, p. 393).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Deng Xiaoping Era (1976-1990)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, Deng Xiaoping ascended to power in 1978 and launched reforms to transform the country\u2019s political and economic systems. The goals set forth in the \u201cFour Modernizations\u201d consisted of decentralization of central party control and transformations in key sectors of agriculture, industry, defence, science and technology.<\/p>\n<p>The 1980\u2019s were marked by a loosening of the state\u2019s control over the private sector and introduction of policies that encouraged market-driven economy as part of \u201cReform and Opening Up\u201d. Provincial and local officials had fewer constraints from the central government, foreign direct investment and trade encouraged participation from the international community. Following the reforms \u201caverage growth rates exceeded 8 percent annually for more than two decades-elevating hundreds of millions of Chinese people out of poverty\u201d (Economy, 2018, p.7).<\/p>\n<p>The management of Dang\u2019an files continued to be performed by the state, governed by China\u2019s National Archive Law passed in 1987. The following year archival work resumed in earnest following the restoration of the State Archives Bureau. The latter was closely integrated into the CCP Central Committee and PRC State Council structures (China\u2019s chief administrative authority, chaired by the Chinese premier overseeing 25 ministers). The State Archives Bureau in Beijing presides over the entire archival system with its director-general reporting to both the General Office of the Party Central Committee and to the General Office of the State Council of the PRC. Archives management cuts across and works with all party and state ministries, commissions and agencies.<\/p>\n<p>An urban citizen\u2019s Dang\u2019an might contain their entire life history starting from elementary school until college to their current workplace. Most urban Chinese citizens have two Dang\u2019an files: one at their workplace and another one at the local police station. In essence, the utilizing this coded system \u201cfor various purposes such as job transfers, promotions, party membership, and passport applications, the ruling party laces the Dang&#8217;an together with the bureaucratic system to control the mobility, welfare, and social ranking, as well as the social and political identities, of the urban population\u201d (Yang, 2011, p.510).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Jiang Zemin (1990 \u2013 2005) and the Social Credit Score<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In 1978, at the beginning of Deng Xiaoping era reforms, China accounted for 2.5 percent of the world economy, its impact on the world economy was minimal with its share of the world\u2019s goods export consisting of a mere 0.8 percent (World Bank, 1980). However, by the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis, China\u2019s economy already accounted for 6 percent of the world economy and its share of the global exports had risen to 8.7 percent (World Bank, 2009). Under President Jiang Zemin, who became the general secretary of the Communist Party in 1989 and president of the country in 1993, China continued to \u2018open up\u2019 further: Chinese businessmen (and they were predominantly men), were welcomed into the party for the first time, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 and China\u2019s state owned enterprises were encouraged to seek out natural resources to continue to fuel its economy (Economy, 20019, p.7).<\/p>\n<p>The transition from a socialist to a capitalist economy required bureaucratic accommodation and a shift in administrative thinking that recast Chinese citizens as relatively free agents in China\u2019s rising entrepreneurial capitalism (Yang, 2011, p.509). Subsequently, starting from the mid-1990s, the government introduced a significant relaxation of the Dang\u2019an system as an expanding market economy demanded more flexible labor (Sigley, 2004). The Dang\u2019an system in its old reincarnation became increasingly obsolete as the number of private companies increased and provided alternative sources of employment, where a potential employee\u2019s Dang\u2019an containing an unflattering evaluation from decades ago was less likely to have been seen as an obstacle to employment (Kristof, 1992).<\/p>\n<p>It was in this context of economic liberalization and China\u2019s economic outward extension that the SCS is first mentioned officially in a speech by President Jiang Zemin. In an annual report to the 16th Party Congress in 2002, Jiang Zemin stated that China must \u201cestablish a social credit system compatible with a modern market economy\u201d (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2002).<\/p>\n<p>The \u2018social credit system\u2019 as it was proposed then looked comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany-systems designed to assess creditworthiness of individuals. In the State Council\u2019s Guiding Opinions Concerning the Construction of a Social Credit System (2007), the government emphasized the importance of financial creditworthiness and trustworthiness.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Hu Jintao (2005 \u2013 2013) and the Citizen Morality Files<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hu Jintao called for promoting \u201ctraditional\u201d Chinese culture and made multiple references to the \u201cgreat revival of the Chinese nation\u201d (Zhonghua minzu weida fuxing), (a phrase later repeated by incoming CCP General-Secretary Xi Jinping in his own remarks to the Party Congress). During Hu Jintao\u2019s tenure the Chinese government continued to emphasize the SCS as a tool for assessing financial creditworthiness as stated in the State Council\u2019s 2007 Guiding Opinions Concerning the Construction of a Social Credit System.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the Dang\u2019an system a concept of \u201ccitizen morality files\u201d (gongmin daode dang\u2019an) was underway in 2006 in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Under this trial program by a local authority, \u2018moral deeds\u2019 were recorded under 10 separate categories including being \u201cpolite and civilized, honest and trustworthy\u201d (Bray, 2006, p. 545), with awards being distributed to those individuals with the most points. A similar program to enforce community morality standards was also launched in 2009 in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province (Jiang, 2020, p. 4). However, it is important to note that in this context the \u201cnature and functions of community are determined by the government that performs a largely administrative role and has a clearly demarcated territorial space\u201d (Bray, 2006, p.534). The initiative was short-lived despite a steering committee of \u2018morality inspectors\u2019, selected through exams being responsible for the distribution of awards and punishments, as public officials themselves were exempt from the program leading to significant public criticism (Chu, 2012).<\/p>\n<p>Notably, \u201cthe latter years of Hu Jintao\u2019s tenure witnessed a remarkable rise in the use of the internet as a mechanism by which Chinese citizens held their officials accountable\u201d (Economy, 2019, p.66). Internet activism in China exploded during the final years of Hu Jintao\u2019s tenure. Chinese netizens began to engage in lively political discourse, to gain access to the world outside China, and to organize themselves to protest against perceived injustices (Economy, 2019, p. 71). Many of those injustices concerned the revelations of a wide array of abuses of the dang\u2019an system by public officials ranging from selling off the files of top scoring students (LaFraniere, the NYT, 2009), entries motivated by personal vendettas that had serious career consequences (Hille, The FT, 2009), to the overall haunting effect of being subjected to such repeated state evaluation (Jacobs, The NYT, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>As the digital sphere (e-commerce, distance learning, e-healthcare etc.) continued to expand, the CCP set up the State Internet Information Office (SIIO) in 2011, as well as the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization &#8211; marking a significant attempt by the \u201cChinese government to try to control and \u2018reshape\u2019 the Internet, for the safety of the Chinese regime (Xiao Qiang, 2014, Chinafile).<\/p>\n<p><strong>&gt; Part III: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-iii-gastbeitrag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">China&#8217;s Social Credit Score in Xi Jinping&#8217;s &#8222;new Era&#8220;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Bibliography: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Bray, David, (2006), Building \u2018Community\u2019: New Strategies of Governance in Urban China, Economy and Society, 35:4, pp. 530-549, Source: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/03085140600960799<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Chu, C., (4 May 2012), Zhejiang Pujiang\u2019s Failed Morality Files for Residents But Not Its Leaders, Nanfang News Network, Source: https:\/\/is.gd\/XLqGNr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Economy, Elizabeth C., (2018), The Third Revolution, Xi Xinping and the New Chinese State, Council on Foreign Relations, Oxford University Press. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Jacobs, Andrew, (15 March 2015), A Rare Look Into One\u2019s Life in China, The New York Times, Source: https:\/\/sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com\/2015\/03\/15\/a-rare-look-into-ones-life- on-file-in-china\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Jiang, M., (2020), A Brief Pre-history of China\u2019s Social Credit System, Communication &amp; the Public, Source: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3652192<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Jie Yang, (2011), The Politics of the Dang&#8217;an: Specialization, Spatialization, and Neoliberal Governmentality in China, Anthropological Quarterly, Spring 2011, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 507- 533, The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research Stable, Source: http:\/\/www.jstor.com\/stable\/41237503.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Kristof, Nicholas D., (16 March 1992), Beijing Journal: Where Each Worker Is Yoked to a Personal File, The New York Times Source: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1992\/03\/16\/world\/beijing-journal-where-each- worker-is-yoked-to-a-personal-file.html. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">LaFraniere, Sharon, The New York Times, (26 July 2009), Files Vanished, Young Chinese Lose the Future, Source: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/07\/27\/world\/asia\/27china.html.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (November 18, 2002), Comrade Jiang Zemin\u2019s report at the 16th Party Congress. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, Source: https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/chn\/\/pds\/ziliao\/zyjh\/t10855.htm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Moss William W., (March 1996), \u201cDang\u2019an: Contemporary Chinese Archives\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Perry, Elizabeth J., (2013), Cultural Governance in Contemporary China: &#8222;Re- orienting&#8220; Party Propaganda, Harvard-Yenching Institute Working Papers, Source: http:\/\/www.harvard-yenching.org\/sites\/harvard-yenching.org\/files\/ featurefiles\/Elizabeth%20Perry_Cultural%20Governance%20in %20Contemporary%20China_0.pdf. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Sigley, G., (2004) Liberal Despotism: Population Planning, Subjectivity, and Government in Contemporary China, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 29, p. 557-575.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">State Council, (2007), Guiding Opinions Concerning the Construction of a Social Credit System, State Council, Source: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zwgk\/2007- 04\/02\/content_569314.htm. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">State Council, (2014), Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System (2014\u20132020), State Council, Source: https:\/\/is.gd\/TBIFd4. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">World Bank, (1980), World Development Report 1980, Washington DC, World Bank, 1980, pp. 110-11, Table 1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">World Bank, (2009), World Development Report 2009, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 356-357, table 3. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Xiao Qiang, (2014), Can China Conquer the Internet?, Chinafile, Source: https:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/conversation\/can-china-conquer-internet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Zuboff, Shoshana, (2019), The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/. Author: Zaya Chinbat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>The version of the \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany &#8211; financial systems designed to assess creditworthiness <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/\" title=\"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[229,14],"tags":[161,173],"class_list":["post-3755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-english","category-im-sinoskop","tag-social-credit-score","tag-sozialpunktesystem"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The version of China&#039;s \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The version of China&#039;s \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"China Blog Sinoskop\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Matthias M.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@sinoskop\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@sinoskop\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Matthias M.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Matthias M.\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a\"},\"headline\":\"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2107,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i.creativecommons.org\\\/l\\\/by-nc-nd\\\/4.0\\\/88x31.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Social Credit Score\",\"Sozialpunktesystem\"],\"articleSection\":[\"English\",\"Im Sinoskop\"],\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/\",\"name\":\"China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i.creativecommons.org\\\/l\\\/by-nc-nd\\\/4.0\\\/88x31.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00\",\"description\":\"The version of China's \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i.creativecommons.org\\\/l\\\/by-nc-nd\\\/4.0\\\/88x31.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i.creativecommons.org\\\/l\\\/by-nc-nd\\\/4.0\\\/88x31.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"China Blog Sinoskop\",\"description\":\"China im 21. Jahrhundert betrachten\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a\"},\"alternateName\":\"Sinoskop\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a\",\"name\":\"Matthias M.\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg\",\"width\":249,\"height\":83,\"caption\":\"Matthias M.\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sinoskop.de\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/12\\\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/sinoskop\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.","description":"The version of China's \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/","og_locale":"de_DE","og_type":"article","og_title":"China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.","og_description":"The version of China's \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/","og_site_name":"China Blog Sinoskop","article_published_time":"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Matthias M.","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@sinoskop","twitter_site":"@sinoskop","twitter_misc":{"Verfasst von":"Matthias M.","Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit":"12\u00a0Minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/"},"author":{"name":"Matthias M.","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a"},"headline":"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74","datePublished":"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/"},"wordCount":2107,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png","keywords":["Social Credit Score","Sozialpunktesystem"],"articleSection":["English","Im Sinoskop"],"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/","url":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/","name":"China\u2019s Social Credit Score, a short history - China im 21. Jhdt.","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png","datePublished":"2020-12-01T16:27:24+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-28T13:55:56+00:00","description":"The version of China's \u2018social credit system\u2019 proposed in 2002 was comparable to FICO scores in the U.S. or SCHUFA scores in Germany.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/88x31.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/historical-roots-of-chinas-social-credit-score-ii\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Historical Roots of China\u2019s Social Credit Score (II) #74"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/","name":"China Blog Sinoskop","description":"China im 21. Jahrhundert betrachten","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a"},"alternateName":"Sinoskop","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"de"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/dbe836c6fc7202cdf3ecfb132a484a8a","name":"Matthias M.","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg","width":249,"height":83,"caption":"Matthias M."},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/cropped-cropped-IMG_0911-e1701450243917.jpeg"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/sinoskop"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3755"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3755\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinoskop.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}